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Sabtu, 12 Mei 2012

Adjective and Relative Clauses


A. Adjective Clauses

Adjective clauses (or relative clauses) are a type of subordinate clause that act as adjectives.
Adjective Clauses
The whole clause does the job of an adjective. I'll show you what I mean with some examples below.
Quick RefresherAdjectives modify nouns and pronouns. Clauses are groups of words with a subject and a verb, and subordinate clauses cannot stand alone.

Examples

Take a look at this sentence:
  • The happy woman danced across the street.
  • Happy is an adjective modifying the noun woman.
  • It is telling us which woman.
  • The woman who looks happy danced across the street.
  • This time, a whole clause is modifying the noun woman.
  • The clause is still telling us which woman.

1. Adjective Clause Using Subject Pronouns: Who, Which, That

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with Subject Pronouns: "Who", "Which", "That"
Without adjective clause / relative clauseUsing adjective clause / relative clause
I will introduce you to a friendHe runs a successful business.I will introduce you to a friend who runs a successful business.
I will introduce you to a friend that runs a successful business.
The book is about religion. It has raised controversy.The book which has raised controversy is about religion.
The book that has raised controversy is about religion.

2. Adjective Clause Using Object Pronouns: Who(m), Which, That

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with Object Pronouns: "Who(m)", "Which", "That"
Without adjective clause / relative clauseUsing adjective clause / relative clause
I will introduce you to a friend. You have never met him before.I will introduce you to a friend (who(m)) you have never met before.
I will introduce you to a friend (that) you have never met before.
The book is about religion. I bought it in Gramedia bookstore last week.The book (which) I bought in Gramedia bookstore last week is about religion.
The book (that) I bought in Gramedia bookstore last week is about religion.
The song was very popular in 1990's. I am listening to it.The song to which I am listening was very popular in 1990's.
The song (which) I am listening to was very popular in 1990's.
The song (that) I am listening to was very popular in 1990's.

3. Adjective Clause Using Whose

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with "Whose"
Without adjective clause / relative clauseUsing adjective clause / relative clause
I will introduce you to a friendHis interest is learning English.I will introduce you to a friend whose interest is learning English.
The old lady has a paintingIts value is inestimable.The old lady has a painting whose value is inestimable.

4. Adjective Clause Using Where

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with "Where"
Without adjective clause / relative clauseUsing adjective clause / relative clause
I will take you to the restaurant. I usually have lunch there (at the restaurant).I will take you to the restaurant where I usually have lunch.
I will take you to the restaurant at which I usually have lunch.
I will take you to the restaurant (which) I usually have lunch at.
The old lady has sold the house. She has lived there (in the house) for more than twenty years.The old lady has sold the house where she has lived for more than twenty years.
The old lady has sold the house in which she has lived for more than twenty years.
The old lady has sold the house (which) she has lived in for more than twenty years.
Notes:






B. Relative Pronouns Introduce Them

Most of the time, relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns.
There are only five relative pronouns:
who, whom, whose, that, which
Here are examples using these relative pronouns:
  • The person who made the mess needs to clean it. (modifying person)
  • The girl whom you teach is my sister. (modifying girl)
  • People whose cats shed need to vacuum often. (modifying people)
  • This is the house that Jack built. (modifying house)
  • The book which I had not read fell on my head. (modifying book)

Let's use this sentence as an example:
This is the house that Jack built.
The independent clause is This is the house. The relative clause is that Jack built. (Notice that both clauses have a subject and a verb.)
That is introducing the realtive clause. It is linking the word house with the whole clause.
That is also acting as the direct object within the clause.
Jack = subject built = verb that = direct object
Look at the sentence diagram, and it will help you see what I mean.
Adjective Clauses
You'll find more information and sentence diagrams on the relative pronounspage.

C. No Relative Pronoun?

Sometimes the relative pronoun is missing from the relative clause.
Don't fret!
You can still have an adjective clause without the relative pronoun.
Here is an example of a sentence with the relative pronoun that.
  • The instrument that I love is the piano.
The adjective clause is that I love.
Can you think of how you could express that same idea without the relative pronoun?
  • The instrument I love is the piano.
Now the adjective clause is just the words I love, but the word that is implied. It's as if the sentence says:
  • The instrument (that) I love is the piano.
Whenever words are implied in a sentence, it is called an elliptical.
The technical name for a missing relative pronoun is an elliptical relative pronoun.
If you want to diagram the sentence, diagram the implied relative pronoun in parenthesis.

Relative Adverbs

While most of the time relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns, sometimes they are introduced by relative adverbs (where, when, why, before, since).
Here are some examples. Notice that the clause is still modifying a noun.
  • This is the park where we played.
  • Tuesday is the day when we have pizza for dinner.
  • Our teacher told us the reason why we study grammar.
A. Definition and Example of adjective clause 

Observations:

"There are two basic types of adjective clauses.

"The first type is the nonrestrictive or nonessential adjective clause. This clause simply gives extra information about the noun. In the sentence, 'My older brother's car, which he bought two years ago, has already needed many repairs,' the adjective clause, 'which he bought two years ago,' is nonrestrictive or nonessential. It provides extra information.

"The second type is the restrictive or essential adjective clause. It offers essential [information] and is needed to complete the sentence's thought. In the sentence, 'The room that you reserved for the meeting is not ready,' the adjective clause, 'that you reserved for the meeting,' is essential because it restricts which room."
(Jack Umstatter, Got Grammar? Wiley, 2007)

Examples:

  • "He who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe is as good as dead."
    (Albert Einstein)

  • "Creatures whose mainspring is curiosity enjoy the accumulating of facts far more than the pausing at times to reflect on those facts."
    (Clarence Day)

  • "Among those whom I like or admire, I can find no common denominator, but among those whom I love, I can: all of them make me laugh."
    (W. H. Auden)

  • "Short, fat, and of a quiet disposition, he appeared to spend a lot of money on really bad clothes, which hung about his squat frame like skin on a shrunken toad."
    (John le Carré, Call for the Dead, 1961)

  • "Love, which was once believed to contain the Answer, we now know to be nothing more than an inherited behavior pattern."
    (James Thurber)

  • "The means by which we live have outdistanced the ends for which we live. Our scientific power has outrun our spiritual power. We have guided missiles and misguided men."
    (Martin Luther King, Jr.)

  • "The IRS spends God knows how much of your tax money on these toll-free information hot lines staffed by IRS employees, whose idea of a dynamite tax tip is that you should print neatly."
    (Dave Barry)

  • "On I trudged, past the carefully roped-off breeding grounds of terns, which chirruped a warning overhead."
    (Will Self, "A Real Cliff Hanger," 2008)

  • "The man that invented the cuckoo clock is no more."
    (Mark Twain)

  • "Afterwards, in the dusty little corners where London's secret servants drink together, there was argument about where the Dolphin case history should really begin."
    (John le Carré, The Honourable Schoolboy, 1977)

  • "The man who first abused his fellows with swear words, instead of bashing their brains out with a club, should be counted among those who laid the foundations of civilization."
    (John Cohen, 1965) Sumber :  http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/adjclterm.htm
B. Definition and Example of Relative clause 
Definition:
clause that generally modifies a noun or noun phrase and is introduced by a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, whose), a relative adverb (where, when, why), or a zero relative. Also known as an adjective clause.
A relative clause is a postmodifier--that is, it follows the noun or noun phrase it modifies.
Relative clauses are traditionally divided into two types: restrictive and nonrestrictive.
Examples:
  • "It is not the employer who pays the wages. Employers only handle the money. It is the customer who pays the wages."
    (Henry Ford)

  • "Animals, whom we have made our slaves, we do not like to consider our equal."
    (Charles Darwin)

  • "Peace is not merely a distant goal that we seek, but a means by which we arrive at that goal."
    (Martin Luther King, Jr.)

  • "I like to keep a bottle of stimulant handy in case I see a snake, which I also keep handy."
    (W.C. Fields)

  • "The essence of childhood, of course, is play, which my friends and I did endlessly on streets / that we reluctantly shared with traffic."
    (Bill Cosby)

  • "Titmice, which had hidden in the leafy shade of mountains all summer, perched on the gutter."
    (Annie Dillard, Pilgrim at Tinker Creek, 1974)

  • "Every generation imagines itself to be more intelligent than the one that went before it, and wiser than the one that comes after it."
    (George Orwell)

  • "I did not learn everything I need to know in kindergarten."
    (Bart Simpson, The Simpsons)

  • "There is one thing stronger than all the armies in the world, and that is an idea whose time has come."
    (Victor Hugo)

  • "She had given Laura a ten-dollar tip, far and away the biggest that she'd ever received--and Laura had split it the next day with Billy, who almost never got tipped because people knew he was simple and had no real concept of money."
    (Antoinette Stockenberg, A Month at the Shore. St. Martin's, 2003)

Observations:

  • "Unlike prepositional phrases, restrictive relative clauses . . . always modify noun phrases. However, a relative clause doesn't always immediately follow the noun phrase that it modifies. For example, if two relative clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, or, or but), then the second one doesn't immediately follow the noun phrase that it modifies:
    This article describes features that facilitate collaboration but that are not intended to increase security.
    (John R. Kohl, The Global English Style Guide: Writing Clear, Translatable Documentation for a Global Market. SAS Institute, 2008)


  • "Relative clauses are so called because they are related by their form to an antecedent. They contain within their structure an anaphoric element whose interpretation is determined by the antecedent. This anaphoric element may be overt or covert. In the overt case the relative clause is marked by the presence of one of the relative words who, whom, whose, which, etc., as or within the initial constituent: clauses of this type we call whrelatives. In non-wh relatives the anaphoric element is covert, a gap; this class is then subdivided into that relatives and bare relatives depending on the presence or absence of that."
    (Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2002)

Example a part of article containing the adjective clause (underline) :

Computers and Education in America
Computers do allow students to expand their learning beyond the classroom, but the distance learning is not a utopia. Some businesses, such as Hewlett Packard, do have mentoring programs with children in the schools, but those mentoring programs are not available to all students. Distance learning has always been a dream of administrators, eager to figure out a cheaper way to deliver education. They think that little Eva and Johnny are going to learn about Japanese culture or science or algebra in the evening when they could be talking with their friends on the phone or watching television. As education critic Neil Postman points out, these administrators are not imagining a new technology but a new kind of child: "In [the administrator's] vision, there is a confident and typical sense of unreality. Little Eva can't sleep, so she decides to learn a little algebra? Where does little Eva come from? Mars?" Only students from some distant planet would prefer to stick their nose in a computer rather than watch TV or go to school and be with their friends.
Their short attention spans, their unwillingness to explore subjects in depth, their poor reading and evaluation skills. Computers also tend to isolate students, to turn them into computer geeks who think cyberspace is actually real. Some students have found they have a serious and addictive case of "Webaholism," where they spend hours and hours on the computer at the expense of their family and friends. Unfortunately, computers tend to separate, not socialize students. Finally, we need to think about who has the most to gain or lose from computers in the schools. Are administrators getting more students "taught" for less money? Are big companies training a force of computer worker bees to run their businesses? Will corporate CEO's use technology to isolate and control their employees?
Like all cults, this one has the intention of enlisting mindless allegiance and acquiescence. Peoplewho have no clear idea of what they mean by information or why they should want so much of it are nonetheless prepared to believe that we live in an Information Age, which makes every computer around us what the relics of the True Cross were in the Age of Faith: emblems of salvation.
--Dudley Erskine Devlin--

Questions and Answers of the excercises :
1.  I talked to the woman she was sitting next to me
     I talked to the woman who was sitting next to me 
 2. I have a class it begins at 08.00 Am
     I have a class which begins at 08.00 Am
3. The man called the police his car was stolen
    The man whose car was stolen called the police
4. The building is very old he lives there
    The building where he lives is very old
5. The woman was ms Silvy I saw her
    The woman whom I saw was ms Silvy

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